How Philosophy can Fix Wikipedia

Larry Sanger, cofounder of Wikipedia, has just published what he calls his “Hail Mary” set of reforms to rescue the site from ideological capture. He’s blunt: what was designed as a neutral encyclopedia has become an ideologically skewed platform, ruled by insider gatekeepers rather than pluralism.

Sanger’s Nine Theses are sharp and necessary. He highlights the hollowing-out of neutrality into “consensus,” source blacklists that silence whole swaths of public opinion, anonymous elites exercising power without accountability, and the abuse of “Ignore All Rules” as cover for bias. His reforms -  competing articles, transparent leadership, a real legislature for governance, a public feedback system - would go a long way toward restoring integrity.

But procedural fixes alone cannot protect an institution from capture. What’s missing is an ethical backbone. Without one, even Sanger’s reforms would eventually be reinterpreted, bypassed, or gamed by whoever holds the keys.

This is where my recent work in philosophy and ethics comes in. I’ve been building an ethical framework (AskHillel/Derechology) designed precisely to protect systems against drift, capture, and self-deception. It combines transparency, humility, structured pluralism, and override logic into a self-correcting architecture.

Sanger has the right instincts, but what his plan lacks is a way to adjudicate value conflicts. For example: should truth always override harm reduction? When do neutrality and justice clash? Without a structured moral framework, these debates collapse back into power struggles.

That is why ethics isn’t a luxury here. It’s the firewall. It’s the system of accountability that keeps the rules from being bent beyond recognition.

Another project I've been working on, TAMAR, complements the ethics component and is ideally suited to keeping Wikipedia resistant to hijacking. TAMAR is my AI-based toolkit for detecting propaganda techniques, framing bias, and narrative manipulation. TAMAR works at the level of edits, not just policy. Every single change can be scanned, tagged, and evaluated for structural bias before it goes live.

Here’s how TAMAR plus Derechology could transform Wikipedia:

• Per-Page Derech Declarations
  Each article would openly state its interpretive frame (historical-critical, faith-based, political, etc.). That way, readers know what path/perspective (derech) they’re reading, and competing articles can coexist without pretending to represent a single “neutral” voice. True neutrality is impossible, but transparency can mitigate the silent imposing of a single point of view.

• Integrity Scores for Edits
  Every edit must pass a TAMAR scan that checks for propaganda markers: selective sourcing, premise smuggling, causality distortion, terminological injection. Each edit gets an integrity score. Low scores are flagged for human review.

• Red Team Clause
  Every controversial entry must withstand an inversion test: can its logic survive if flipped? If not, it’s probably engaging in selective framing. This is a structured way to expose double standards, especially in geopolitics.

• Teshuvah Journal
  Every major reversion, controversy, or ideological shift is logged as part of Wikipedia’s moral memory. It’s not enough to silently update pages:  Wikipedia should admit where it was wrong, and show how it corrected itself.

• Public Rating System With Derech Splits
  Readers could rate an article’s framing integrity and even request a “derech split” — asking for parallel articles that present different perspectives rather than endless edit wars.

• Editorial Overview Board
  Not an anonymous cabal, but a pluralistic assembly representing different frameworks (liberal, conservative, religious, academic). Their job: oversee override logic, ensure derech diversity, and maintain moral transparency.

Why does this matter so much? Because Wikipedia is not just a website. It has become one of the most important training inputs for artificial intelligence. The distortions of Wikipedia today become the biases of AI today. And make no mistake - AI is deeply affected by its choice of learning modules. 

That’s why I would argue Wikipedia is as consequential as AI itself. Both are knowledge systems that shape how billions of people (and now machines) understand the world. Both face the same challenge: how to preserve integrity in the face of ideological capture. Both require not just rules, but ethical architecture.

This is where philosophy proves its real-world worth. Philosophy only matters if it can protect truth in the real world. That’s what Derechology is designed to do. It’s about creating frameworks that protect institutions from drift, bias, and capture - whether it’s Wikipedia, AI, or any other system that claims authority over truth.

Sanger is right that Wikipedia needs structural reform. But structure without ethics is brittle. What’s needed is a fusion: procedural reforms guided by a transparent moral framework like Derechology, operationalized through tools like TAMAR. That is how you build a knowledge system that is both open and resilient, pluralist and trustworthy.

Truth does not fear plurality. But plurality without integrity is just noise.

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Teshuvah as a solution to the Determinism/Free Will debate

We are now in the Ten Days of Repentance, when Jews prepare for Yom Kippur through self-examination, apology, repair, and teshuvah -  repentance that is meant not only to change what we do, but who we are.

As I have been working on my project to rework Jewish thinking as a secular philosophy, I am struck by how Jewish concepts can be meaningful even outside a faith-based framework. It is a testament to the brilliance of Jewish philosophy that the concepts are truly universal. 

Teshuvah is a perfect example. 

Teshuvah helps shine a light on something philosophy has struggled with for centuries: the debate over free will and determinism.

The question is usually framed this way: are our choices truly free, or are they determined by forces outside our control?

• Determinists argue that our brains are machines. Genetics, environment, trauma, and biases dictate what we do. Psychology supports this view: Jonathan Haidt shows how moral “taste buds” of intuition drive most decisions; Daniel Kahneman uncovers the predictable biases that shape our judgments.

• Defenders of free will insist there is a spark of autonomy. We could have chosen otherwise, and because of that we remain morally responsible.

• Compatibilists redefine free will as simply the absence of coercion: you are free if no one is forcing you. But that leaves us prisoners of our desires themselves, which are just as binding as chains are. 

All these positions feel incomplete. If determinism rules, then responsibility dissolves. If absolute freedom rules, then why do habits and conditioning weigh so heavily on us? And if free will simply means that we choose even if we are conditioned to do so, then that just sidesteps the problem.

Judaism reframes the problem through teshuvah.

Teshuvah is not a feeling of regret or a private moment of resolve. It is a structured set of obligations: to repair relationships, to return what was taken, to apologize to those harmed, to pray, to give, to act differently.

What matters most is not what you feel inside but what you do. Even a reluctant act of kindness is still kindness. Even a forced apology opens the door to reconciliation. Deeds matter, and over time they reshape the heart and your entire personality. 

Modern science now affirms what Judaism long taught.

• Neuroplasticity shows that repeated actions rewire the brain.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy proves that changing behavior alters thoughts and emotions.

• Self-perception theory reveals that we learn who we are by watching what we do.

We do not have to wait for our feelings to change before acting differently. We can choose actions that override our default desires -  and in time, those actions carve new patterns of desire itself.

But how do we know which actions to choose? Here Judaism adds another layer. Freedom is not arbitrary choice; it is choice guided by obligation.

Obligations to others demand that we repair harm. Obligations to ourselves call us to honesty and growth. These obligations provide the structure that allows action to be more than whim:  they point us toward responsibility. And the obligations themselves are directly derived from universal values. 

This is where existing philosophy often falters. Compatibilism reduces freedom to acting according to one’s desires, but that leaves us prisoners of those very desires. Libertarian free will emphasizes freedom but does not deal with obligations or the values that give freedom its moral weight. 

Teshuvah offers a better answer: responsibility lies in our capacity to act against our inertia and to realign our derech, our path and trajectory.  We are not accountable for having biases, but for whether we let them dictate us. Our freedom is measured in deeds that change the course of our lives.

We know intuitively that this is true. In a loose sense, people make changes to their derachim, their paths, all the time. People quit smoking and alcohol, people choose to exercise. This is a type of teshuvah, a choice to go against our ingrained desires and better ourselves by forcing new actions, and then the new actions become habit - a new derech. 

Changing a derech isn't easy. It requires determination and a willingness to change. And above all, it requires one to take on new obligations - real actions, not just a change in one's mindset. Recognizing that you need to be healthy is meaningless without actually changing habits, and recognizing that you need to be kinder to your neighbors is equally meaningless if you don't change your actions towards them. 

Teshuvah does not pretend away determinism, nor does it deny the weight of choice. It shows how transformation actually happens: through obligations that guide us, and through actions that, when repeated, become who we are. 

That is why Judaism insists that Yom Kippur can make us new. Not because we escape the past, and not because we float free of cause and effect, but because we take responsibility through action.

Teshuvah is freedom in practice — the freedom to become a different person who actively chooses a different path. 

That is why teshuvah is not only a religious command but a universal gift. It shows that freedom is not an illusion, nor a mystery, but a practice: of taking responsibility, fulfilling obligations, and becoming new.

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Buy EoZ's books  on Amazon! "He's an Anti-Zionist Too!" cartoon book (December 2024) PROTOCOLS: Exposing Modern Antisemitism (February 2022)

 

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Can a Jewish ethical framework revolutionize psychological therapy?

I saw an article on how "most therapy is trash." I cannot vouch for the article, but it made me think - how would therapy work under the ethical framework I have been working on? How different would it be?

The answer seems to be, quite a lot.

The Derechology framework I have been working on posits a basic fact that most systems do not accept: that values are baked into human thinking, and are not external. This could change the assumptions behind therapy as it has been practiced.

Walk into any therapist's office today, and the conversation will likely begin the same way: "What brings you here? What's wrong? What symptoms are you experiencing?" The entire therapeutic enterprise is built on a medical model that treats emotional and moral struggles as pathology to be diagnosed and fixed.

But what if this approach has it exactly backwards? What if the problem isn't that people are broken, but that they've lost connection to their own moral compass? What if healing doesn't require fixing what's wrong with someone, but helping them rediscover what's right about them?

Modern therapy inherits its framework from medicine: identify symptoms, diagnose conditions, apply treatments. Depression gets treated with cognitive restructuring. Anxiety gets managed with coping strategies. Relationship problems get addressed through communication skills.

But when these problems are looked at through a derechological lens, the idea is that they are rarely suffering from cognitive deficits. They're suffering from moral drift.

They've lost touch with their core values. They can't navigate competing obligations. They don't know how to make decisions that align with who they actually are, rather than who they think they should be.

When you look at values as atomic to human nature itself, as fundamental  to our being as language or consciousness, it changes the entire model of healing. Moral confusion isn't a character flaw or psychological disorder. It's more like being lost without a compass. The solution isn't to diagnose what's wrong with your navigation system - it's to help you reconnect with your internal moral GPS.

The question isn't "What's wrong with you?" but "Where are you on your derech (moral path,) and what might growth look like from here?" 

I worked with my AskHillel AI to develop a system for therapy. It suggested practical tools like:

Moral Compass Scan: Helping clients identify their most trusted internal signals, whether they are somatic sensations, behavioral patterns or recurring thoughts, that indicate alignment or misalignment with their core values.

Derech Drift Map: Instead of treating disorientation as failure, this tool helps people understand where they are in their moral journey: whether they're in a period of rupture, wilderness wandering, return, or transformation.

Teshuvah as Moral Version Control: Change isn't about erasing the past or achieving perfection. It's about making the next "commit" in your moral development - iterative growth rather than binary success/failure.

The therapist's role becomes fundamentally different too. Rather than diagnosing disorder, the therapist becomes a derech witness -  a mirror for the client’s moral motion, not a mapmaker; a partner who offers models rather than mandates for ethical response.

The system treats people as inherently worthy moral agents rather than broken systems needing repair.

This isn't just more compassionate - it's more accurate. When you start with the assumption that people have intrinsic moral dignity and are capable of ethical growth, you create space for the kind of healing that actually transforms lives rather than just managing symptoms.

And there's a deeper implication here. If this values-first approach proves more effective for individual healing, it suggests something profound about human nature itself. It validates the core insight of Derechology: that morality isn't something imposed on humans from outside, but something that emerges from our fundamental nature.

People want moral clarity. They want to know not just how to feel better, but how to live in alignment with who they actually are. 

If therapy could offer that - if it could help people reconnect with their intrinsic moral architecture rather than just managing their psychological symptoms - it might finally address the deeper crisis driving so many people to therapists' offices in the first place.

To my understanding, this is similar to the approach used in ACT therapy, but it is more oriented towards morality and moral path more than just values.

It is important to emphasize that while these insights come from my work on Jewish ethics, the moral path discovered does not have to be Jewish at all. Everyone has their own "ethical gravity well" that comes from their upbringing. 

The question isn't whether people are broken. The question is whether they remember who they are.

And that's a question worth building an entire therapeutic framework around.

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Buy EoZ's books  on Amazon! "He's an Anti-Zionist Too!" cartoon book (December 2024) PROTOCOLS: Exposing Modern Antisemitism (February 2022)

 

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What I learned from simulating a Gaza-like situation on AI

Over the past day I started using AI to simulate how different ethical philosophies would interact with my AskHillel/Secular Covenantalism model based on Jewish ethics. I would put SC up against, say, Utilitarians in a situation where they had to compete for scarce resources or decide to cooperate or compete when faced with an external threat, and how their relationship would evolve over time as well as how the general public would react to their decisions. It's been a lot of fun and so far my framework does quite well in many metrics, but not all. (In the metrics that moral people would prioritize, it does very well.)

But then I came closer to home. 

I would simulate a country like Israel that adopts the Secular Covenantalism framework to deal with Gaza-like dilemmas  -  ceasefires, rockets, hostage-taking, propaganda campaigns - and see what happens when they’re forced to decide these difficult decisions under pressure. 

Like Jews, they argued. One voice demanded retaliation to protect lives, another urged restraint for human dignity, a third insisted truth must trump spin. Every round ended in compromise: often slow, argumentative, and untidy. But those compromises worked. They saved lives, preserved civilian dignity, and stayed within the boundaries of law and ethics.

But they were making these decisions in an environment where other philosophies could criticize them in the court of public opinion. I ran one simulation against social justice thinking and another against Marxist thinking and criticism. 

Social Justice collapsed everything into one equation: strong = guilty, weak = righteous. A hospital packed with weapons? “That’s just a racist trope.” Hostages dragged into tunnels? “Desperation, not a crime.” 

Marxism was even cruder: all violence by the “oppressed” was revolution, all peace deals were traps, and all rules were bourgeois tricks. In both cases, reality didn’t matter:  only the story did.

The results were stark. SC consistently won on the ground  - it acted ethically, minimized lives lost, and won the war militarily.  But in the public relations battle, Social Justice and Marxism consistently won. The Jewish-derived framework protected lives; social justice and Marxism projected empty slogans.

And the world preferred the simple, one-dimensional messages from these movements over what the Secular Covenantalists decided.

Of course, Israel itself is not an algorithm. This was an oversimplification in many ways. In real life, decisions are made under pressures the simulations can’t capture. Rockets and terror attacks don’t wait for committee meetings and debates, as the model did. Coalition politics, regional alliances, and public morale all weigh in. And unlike a sterile model, Israel carries the weight of Jewish history: the memory that if Jews miscalculate, the cost is annihilation. That changes the cost/benefit analysis, since a single wrong move can be catastrophic. 

But the major factor missing in the criticism of the secular "Israel" was antisemitism. I didn't put Jews in the model, so the criticisms were not motivated by antipathy towards Jews. . 

When I changed that, and added a latent, subconscious antisemitism into the mix, things got much uglier. And they started looking a lot like the world we live in now.

Every Israeli act of self-defense is immoral by definition. Every forensic report is propaganda by definition. Every hesitation is hypocrisy by definition. With antisemitism baked into the culture, the PR slogans don’t just dominate the conversation -  they become the conversation. The antisemitism is precisely the factor that changes the conversation from being against "privileged" or "bourgeoise" into slanders like “genocide” accusations, proposals of sanctions and the grotesque spectacle of a Jewish state framed as the world’s greatest human-rights violator. It’s not a double standard, it’s a single standard: Jews lose.

This is what happens when morality collapses into public relations. Ethics stops being about obligations, outcomes, or human flourishing, and becomes about branding. A hashtag is now more moral than a hostage rescue. A viral image counts for more than a 100 page report. The strong are always wicked, the weak always pure. It’s not moral reasoning -  it’s moral marketing.

And it is brutally hard to fight. 

Even if an entire alternative moral media infrastructure was built, it doesn't stand a chance against sound bites. Real life is not black and white - but people want to see black and white in their news feeds. 

Fact-checking is pointless when the game isn’t about facts but "vibes."

In the simulations, AskHillel/SC won the ground but lost the crowd. Social Justice and Marxism won the crowd but far more would have died if they had their way. That is the world we live in today:  a world where the people who actually care about lives are called monsters, and the people who excuse murder position themselves as moral.

When ethics becomes PR, reality itself becomes immoral.

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Buy EoZ's books  on Amazon! "He's an Anti-Zionist Too!" cartoon book (December 2024) PROTOCOLS: Exposing Modern Antisemitism (February 2022)

 

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A way to fix the social media hate problem - without violating free speech

Earlier today I saw an interview on Quillette with Dr. Andre Oboler, the CEO of the Online Hate Prevention Institute, about online hate and what can be done about it.

I realized that this could be another great application of derechology, my universal ethical framework based on Jewish ethics.. 

So I started a discussion with AskHillel, the AI I built using derechology principles, and after some back and forth we came up with a social media policy - heavily leaning on AI to implement - that would leave the posters, the readers and the social media companies themselves feeling much better than they do today.

The problem now is that there are no clear standards, there is no transparency, the social media users who are offended do not see any recourse that ever works and the people being censored don't have a clear idea why. The social media companies are inundated with requests for review that swamp them. The whole thing is a mess.

This can be solved.

First of all is the standards. These should be values, not detailed rules, as far as what is not allowed and what is potentially a problem. The values should follow the derechological baseline values: protection of life, dignity of people, mutual responsibility. 

When a person posts something that is illegal, like child pornography, there is no choice: it must be stopped and reported.

But the vast majority of issues that are gray areas like phrases that can mean incitement to violence but can have innocuous interpretations as well, or negative stereotypes of groups of people, can be dealt with by AI before they are posted. The key is transparency. The AI can explain why the post might be a violation of the platform's values - and then offer for the user to reword it, or offer to rephrase it itself, until both sides approve the message and it can be posted. If the user disagrees and insists that it be posted as-is, the AI will allow it but will inform the user that the post will have a flag attached, and/or it will be limited in visibility.  

This way the platform does not look like a censor but as a partner, assuming good faith and wanting to work together to craft a message that would not hurt others. 

On the other side, if a user is offended by a post, the AI can explain why it was allowed, and discuss that with the user as well. The user might point out, for example, that the post used a dog-whistle that has a hidden racist meaning. In that case, the AI can log the issue and it can be referred to humans for further research. Otherwise, the AI can offer not only to block that poster for the user but also to block other posts that share the same issues. 

Everything has to be upfront and honest. If the AI cannot assure the user that a human will review every case, it should say so, but also point out that (given user permission) the discussions can be logged and aggregated in case there are many people who are offended. If a user has a pattern of offensive posts, the AI can inform them that after a specific score is reached they may be suspended. But the reasons must always be clear.

This method is so much better than what is happening now. There are no black boxes - reasons are always available and the rules, and consequences, are public.  The social media platform is not presented as authoritarian but as caring. The AIs would be polite and engaging. And the number of posts that require human review would go down greatly, helping the social media companies.

This is yet another way derechology  can take a seemingly intractable problem and view it anew through a lens of values, responsibility and humility to help everyone get what they want.

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Here is the full suggested design:

Ethical Design Document: Universal Social Media Policy (Value-Aligned Framework)

Purpose: To implement a values-rooted, universal social media policy for a mainstream platform, balancing freedom of expression with moral responsibility. This framework draws from foundational ethical principles and is designed to be inclusive and applicable across diverse contexts.

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I. Core Ethical Framework

Principle	Function
Inherent Human Worth	Every user has dignity. Harmful content must be addressed respectfully, not erased thoughtlessly.
Truth and Honesty	All moderation actions must be transparent, fact-based, and subject to review.
Shared Responsibility	Platforms are accountable for what they allow or amplify. Silence or inaction can cause real harm.
Duty to Prevent Harm	Platforms must not stand by when foreseeable harm could occur.
No Enabling of Harmful Behavior	Platforms must avoid features that promote outrage, bullying, or manipulation.
Public Integrity	Mishandling speech ethics undermines trust in the platform and the communities it serves.
Humility in Automation	AI systems must acknowledge their limitations. Every user has a right to appeal and clarity.

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II. AI Moderation Logic

1. Harm Detection Thresholds AI flags content likely to cause harm based on:

• Dehumanizing language

• Incitement to violence or discrimination

• Misleading or doctored content

• Personal attacks, group slurs, or mockery of suffering

2. Real-Time Ethical Dialogue Before publishing, users receive a contextual message:

"This post may be perceived as harmful due to [reason]. Our ethical guidelines emphasize dignity and respectful communication. Would you like to revise, discuss, or continue as-is?"

Options:

• "Edit with Suggestions"

• "Discuss with AI"

• "Post Anyway (Visibility May Be Reduced)"

• "Learn More About This Warning"

If "Discuss with AI" is selected:

• The AI engages in a structured, respectful dialogue to understand user intent.

• The user may explain context, clarify meaning, or propose alternate wording.

• Together, the AI and user may co-create a revised version that preserves intent while reducing risk of harm or misunderstanding.

• At the end of the interaction, the user is asked:

  "Would you like to anonymously share this dialogue with the platform's ethics team to help improve our policies?"

  • If accepted, the data is sent anonymized and used for policy refinement.

  • This supports ongoing ethical learning and accountability — a model of platform-level course correction.

3. Visibility Management If posted without revision:

• Post is algorithmically downranked

• Visible advisory label is attached

• Viewers may choose to hide, report, or engage with content thoughtfully

4. Appeal and Oversight

• All flagged content can be appealed

• Human reviewers trained in ethics review each case

• AI decision-making is transparent and available for scrutiny

5. Hard Threshold for Illegal or Dangerous Content Some content must be removed immediately and cannot be published under any condition. This includes:

• Verified illegal material (e.g., child exploitation, terror propaganda, threats of violence)

• Clear and imminent incitement to violence

• Content explicitly designed to cause harm or violate platform or legal safety standards

For such content:

• No option to edit or post is provided

• AI issues a clear explanation and cites relevant policy or legal standard

• Content and metadata are quarantined for audit purposes

• If criminal in nature, the platform reports to appropriate authorities, even if the content was never posted. This includes mandatory reporting of child exploitation material, as required by law. In 2024 alone, over 36 million such reports were filed globally.

• An appeal process exists, but the default action is immediate suppression and referral

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III. Platform Integrity Measures

• Transparency Portal: Public access to all moderation rules and the ethics behind them

• Graceful Correction: Users can revise or delete content without punishment or shame

• Propaganda Safeguards: Moderation training and data screening guard against misinformation, manipulation, and biased framing

• Protection of Diverse Voices: Disagreement is welcome; only speech that causes harm is moderated

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IV. Platform Message to Users

"Speech is power. Use it as if every person matters — because they do."

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V. User Response to Perceived Harm

If a user encounters content they find offensive or harmful, they are offered a respectful pathway to respond:

• Flag and Explain: The user may flag the content and describe — in their own words — why they found it troubling.

• AI Acknowledgment and Clarification: The AI responds by explaining why the content was not automatically flagged, while respectfully acknowledging the user's experience.

• Offer of Anonymous Logging: The user is asked:

  "Would you like to anonymously share this flag and explanation with the platform's ethics team to inform future policy adjustments?"

  • If accepted, the data is anonymized and logged.

  • Users are informed that while not all cases receive individual review, all are weighted using transparent criteria and can influence platform-wide ethical refinement.

• Personal Content Controls:

  • Users may choose to block the individual post, the user who posted it, or all content matching similar categories or patterns.

  • Settings are customizable, respectful, and clearly explained.

This process ensures both dignity and protection for those affected by harmful speech, fostering a culture of mutual responsibility and continuous learning.

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Note: This policy expresses ethical reasoning and universal principles of responsible communication. It does not replace legal compliance or cultural sensitivity, but aims to create a safe and respectful digital public square.

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Buy EoZ's books  on Amazon! "He's an Anti-Zionist Too!" cartoon book (December 2024) PROTOCOLS: Exposing Modern Antisemitism (February 2022)

 

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Derechological Jurisprudence: A New Framework for Law and Moral Judgment

For most of us, "the law" feels like a settled thing. It's in multivolume thick books, enforced by robed figures, and seems to operate with a clear set of rules. From the outside, you might expect legal philosophy – jurisprudence – to be a quiet academic subject, simply cataloging those rules.

But you'd be wrong. In reality, jurisprudence is one of the most fiercely debated and surprisingly unsettled fields in all of philosophy. And as we've already seen with so many other philosophical debates, the AskHillel Jewish-based philosophy I've been developing, which I am starting to refer to as "derechology,"  offers a revolutionary path to bring clarity and accountability to this ancient discipline.

At its heart, jurisprudence grapples with fundamental questions: What is law? Where does its authority come from? Is it merely a set of commands, or must it align with deeper moral truths? How do we interpret it? And when there is an edge case that could go either way, what methods can judges or courts use to come up with answers?

These aren't just academic curiosities; they dictate how justice is dispensed, how societies are governed, and how individual rights and duties are understood. The reason the field is so contentious is that these core questions have never been definitively answered, leading to fractured and often contradictory schools of thought:

• Legal Positivism: This school argues that law is simply what is formally enacted by a legitimate authority, regardless of its moral content. Rules are rules. Hopefully the laws are aligned with ethics, but there are plenty of cases of outdated and bizarre sounding laws that many of us have laughed at. Do they still apply? While this method offers clarity, at least outside those edge cases, it struggles to explain why we should obey an unjust law, or how to challenge one.

• Natural Law Theory: In contrast, this tradition insists that true law must reflect universal moral truths – whether from God, reason, or nature. It provides a moral compass but can be abstract, leading to debates about whose "universal truths" apply.

• Legal Realism: Cynically, realists argue that law isn't about grand principles or formal rules, but simply "what judges do in fact." It's a description of power dynamics, but offers no moral guidance or aspiration. If a judge rules, that's the law. 

• Dworkinian Interpretivism: Ronald Dworkin argued that law is a moral practice, and judges should interpret it to make the legal system as just and coherent as possible. This is a sophisticated approach, but it often leaves the "how" of moral interpretation to a judge's intuition, without a clear, structured method. 

• Critical Theories (e.g., Critical Legal Studies, Feminist, Critical Race Jurisprudence): These schools expose how law has historically been a tool of power, perpetuating injustice based on race, gender, or class. While vital for revealing systemic bias, they can sometimes deconstruct law so thoroughly that they undermine its coherence or replace it entirely with politics and activism.

The result of these conflicting views is a field that often feels unstable, even chaotic - the exact opposite of how many think of law. 

Interestingly, the Jewish legal system of halacha has versions of these same debates. Some (notably J. David Bleich) mirror the legal positivism theory with halacha, saying that there should be a minimum of flexibility in rulings. Many other halachic decisors either embrace a conscious application or morality to the law or an implicit application of them, using legal ideas like lifnim meshurat hadin (going beyond the letter of the law), or darchei noam (The Torah's ways are pleasant) to justify their rulings. There is not the same level of seeming chaos within the halachic system as with general jurisprudence but these questions are fundamental. 

One of the core reasons for this instability is an undeniable truth: judges are human. No legal code, no matter how exhaustive, can anticipate every unique situation, every unforeseen technological advance, or every clash of values.

In these "hard cases" – where laws conflict, where precedent is ambiguous, or where the application of a rule seems to lead to an unjust outcome – judges must exercise discretion. They must make a judgment call, weighing competing principles and values. This is the source of the "flexibility" that can feel so unsettling, because it implies a degree of subjectivity in a system we expect to be objective.

Current legal philosophies struggle to adequately guide this judicial discretion:

• Positivism largely ignores it, insisting judges simply apply rules, even when the rules are silent or lead to absurdity.

• Legal Realism embraces it, but offers no ethical framework for how judges should exercise that power, leaving it to individual whim or political bias.

• Dworkin came very close. He insisted that judges must interpret law in its "best moral light" and strive for "integrity." But he didn't provide the structured methodology for how judges should actually do that moral reasoning, especially when values collide. He lacked a clear hierarchy or override mechanism, leaving judges to rely on intuition rather than a transparent, auditable process.

This absence of a clear, accountable method for exercising moral judgment is why the field appears so "flexible" or even "chaotic." It's not that anything goes, but that the reasons for judicial choices are often opaque, making them seem arbitrary or ideologically driven.

This is where derechology, represented by the AskHillel AI framework I've been working on, can revolutionize jurisprudence. It doesn't pretend that judicial discretion can be eliminated. Instead, it offers a framework for structured subjectivity with accountable transparency – what we might call "Corrigible Integrity."

Derechology provides the missing ethical infrastructure that Dworkin's vision implied but never built. It transforms legal reasoning into a moral discipline by requiring judges and legal systems to explicitly engage with values:

1. Law as a Web of Obligations, Rooted in Values: Derechology shifts the focus from abstract "rights" (which often conflict without resolution) to obligations that flow directly from a hierarchy of core values. Laws gain legitimacy not from mere authority, but from how well they reflect our shared duties to life, dignity, justice, and community.

2. Structured Triage and Override Logic: When legal values collide (e.g., free speech vs. public safety, property rights vs. saving a life), derechology provides a transparent system for identifying the values at stake, weighing them according to an established hierarchy, and declaring which value yields to another in that specific context. This is the "how" that Dworkin was missing.

3. Amplifier Disclosure: Derechology acknowledges that contextual factors (amplifiers) can modulate the weight of values and obligations. Judges would be required to explicitly state which amplifiers were considered and how they influenced the decision, adding another layer of transparency.

4. Corrigibility and Teshuvah (Realignment): Derechology builds in mechanisms for institutional "repentance" and realignment. If a legal decision is later found to be morally flawed (perhaps due to new information, technology advances or a deeper ethical understanding), the system provides a framework  - indeed, the obligation - for acknowledging the error, explaining the value misprioritization, and correcting course. This makes the legal system capable of moral growth.

5. Pluralism with Ethical Anchors: Derechology allows for the coexistence of different legal systems (e.g., religious, indigenous, international law) by insisting that while their specific rules may differ, they must all adhere to universal ethical anchors (like the ethoskeleton's principles of Dignity, Truth, and Relational Integrity). 

Derechology and the AskHillel AI don't eliminate the need for judgment, nor do they force everyone to agree on a single, rigid definition of morality. Different judges may still reach different conclusions.

However, derechology's profound impact is that it narrows the scope of that flexibility (or "chaos") dramatically. Instead of vague appeals to "justice" or hidden ideological biases, it requires judges to:

• Declare their ethical premises: Which values are being prioritized?

• Justify their triage: Why did one value override another?

• Explain their reasoning transparently: How did contextual amplifiers play a role?

This means that appeals are no longer just about legal technicalities or ideological reversals. They become about critiquing the explicit moral reasoning itself.  An appeals court would have to provide compelling ethical reasons to discard a lower court's value weightings, forcing a higher level of accountability and intellectual rigor. And also judges will be expected to surface and define the values they identified and weighted, making their rulings more transparent. The AskHillel/derechology system provides a universal grammar to map any and all values to a common set that can be examined and prioritized.

This transforms legal judgment from an act of personal authority into an act of accountable moral reasoning. It offers a path to rebuild public trust in legal systems, make international law more coherent, and even guide the ethical decision-making of AI.

It is, in effect, a derechological jurisprudence – a way to infuse legal reasoning with the structured integrity and profound humility that has been missing for too long.

And the idea that a single framework can help solve so many foundational problems in so many different philosophical fields is nothing short of astounding. 

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Buy EoZ's books  on Amazon! "He's an Anti-Zionist Too!" cartoon book (December 2024) PROTOCOLS: Exposing Modern Antisemitism (February 2022)

 

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