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Tuesday, February 24, 2026

02/24 Links Pt2: The world no longer feels sorry for Jews. Now what?; Australia opens Sydney terror inquiry; Corbyn accused of ‘wild blood libel’ after claiming Israel harvesting Gazan organs

From Ian:

The world no longer feels sorry for Jews. Now what?
An overreliance on Holocaust-centered narratives can unintentionally produce what might be called museum Judaism: a Jewish identity organized primarily around remembrance of destruction rather than experience of vitality. A culture defined chiefly by what was lost risks appearing static, even mournful, to younger generations seeking meaning in living traditions.

If Israel is taught primarily as a response to catastrophe, it can come to feel like a historical artifact rather than a living civilizational project. A Judaism organized around death will struggle to compete with cultures organized around life. This does not diminish the centrality of Holocaust memory; it underscores the need to embed that memory within a broader narrative of continuity and renewal.

The Jewish claim to sovereignty does not begin in 1933 and does not depend exclusively on 1945. It stretches back through millennia of continuous identity, attachment to land, liturgy, language, and collective memory.

Zionism was not invented as a reaction to Hitler; it was accelerated by him. To ground Jewish attachment to Israel primarily in 20th-century catastrophe is to truncate a much longer story of peoplehood and purpose. If Israel is understood only as a shelter from persecution, its moral standing appears contingent on Jewish weakness. Yet Zionism at its core is not a plea for safety; it is an assertion of normalcy, of the right of the Jewish People to exercise self-determination in our ancestral homeland. That right does not expire when Jews are strong.

A generation raised to see itself primarily as history’s victim may struggle to see itself as history’s author. When educational frameworks emphasize fragility without agency, they can produce defensive identities oriented toward seeking approval rather than exercising responsibility. The post-Holocaust sympathy world allowed many Jews to assume that understanding Jewish suffering would naturally produce support for Jewish sovereignty.

That assumption no longer holds.

In much of today’s pop culture, perceived power (not history) often determines perceived legitimacy. An Israel that is strong, armed, and assertive will not automatically inherit the moral credit of Jewish victimhood. If Jewish education does not adjust to this reality, it risks preparing students for a world that no longer exists.

This adjustment does not require abandoning Holocaust education; it requires repositioning it within a larger civilizational narrative. The task is to integrate it with meaning. Israel must be taught not only as refuge but as arena: the place where Jewish civilization unfolds in modern form — Hebrew revived as a living language, ancient holidays reborn in public space, ethical traditions translated into the dilemmas of governance, technological and cultural creativity flourishing in a Jewish context. These are not footnotes to catastrophe but expressions of continuity; they represent the positive content of sovereignty.

In a post-sympathy world, Jewish education must mature from a pedagogy of trauma to a pedagogy of covenant and responsibility.

Jewish students must be prepared to engage in self-defense — verbal, social, even physical — rather than shielded from it. They must understand the historical and ethical foundations of Jewish sovereignty without relying solely on the emotional authority of past suffering. They must see themselves not as passive inheritors of tragedy, but as active participants in an ongoing civilizational story. Jewish students must be taught that Jewish particularism is a source of pride, not an apology to make or a permission slip to request from others.

This requires cultivating and renewing civilizational literacy, cultural fluency, and a sense of shared stake in the future of Jewish life.

The post-Holocaust sympathy world represented a rare alignment between global conscience and Jewish necessity. That alignment cannot be assumed in the present or relied upon in the future. As memory recedes and geopolitical perceptions shift, the foundation of Jewish attachment to Israel must rest less on the tears of others and more on the internal coherence of Jewish history and purpose. Sympathy fades. Sovereignty endures.

The challenge for Jewish education now is to ensure that a new generation understands Israel not because the world once pitied the Jews, but because they recognize themselves as heirs to an unbroken national story whose next chapters they are responsible for writing.
With J Street backing, 26 Democrats introduce legislation to impose wide-ranging conditions on aid to Israel
Rep. Sean Casten (D-IL) and 25 Democratic co-sponsors introduced a bill on Monday that would implement wide-ranging new conditions and restrictions on U.S. aid to Israel.

The Ceasefire Compliance Act would require the administration to assess and report to Congress every 90 days on whether Israel is complying with the October 2025 ceasefire agreement in Gaza, including halting military operations and bombing campaigns.

The legislation does not appear to contain exceptions for the strikes Israel has taken in retaliation for Hamas’ own violations of the ceasefire deal, nor mention its targeting of individual Hamas leaders.

Under the terms of the legislation, if Israel does not meet the conditions included in the law, the U.S. would be banned from selling or transferring any U.S. military systems to Israel for use in Gaza or the West Bank, any further transfers would be subject to a specific agreement by Israel that the weapons would not be used in Gaza or the West Bank and the administration would be required to reach an agreement with Israel that U.S.-origin systems already in Israel’s possession would also be banned from use in Gaza or the West Bank.

Those restrictions would remain in effect until Israel is in compliance with all conditions. The legislation establishes an end-use monitoring group within the administration to monitor whether U.S.-provided systems are in use in Gaza or the West Bank.

The legislation includes language guaranteeing that U.S. defensive assistance to and intelligence sharing with Israel, as well as provision of missile-defense systems to Israel, are exempt from the conditions. The bill would sunset after five years.
Nick Cave: The Red Hand Files
Q: At the International Film Festival in Berlin, jury president Wim Wenders sparked controversy, stating that art and artists are “the counterweight to politics, we are the opposite of politics.” He said, artists “have to do the work of people, not the work of politicians.” Any thoughts on this?

A: Dear Rainer,
I have known Wim for over forty years, and his response to the question at the Berlinale moved me deeply. It reaffirmed my understanding of him as a passionately principled, thoughtful, and courageous man — a person who cares profoundly about film and the state of the creative world. His words were a caring, gentle, and protective gesture, directed not only at the artistic community but at humanity itself, and despite the predictable pile-on, I suspect that many artists, maybe most, will genuinely appreciate his words.

Of course, I can’t speak for Wim, but perhaps, like me, he laments the state of art as it has unfolded into this present moment. Perhaps, as the president of the Berlinale Jury, he despairs over the fate that has befallen other film and literary events. The furore around the Adelaide Writers’ Week was happening while I was on tour in Australia. In an almost cosmic display of stupidity, that entire event was vaporised in a mushroom cloud of cowardice, performative outrage, self-righteous posturing, cancellations, counter-cancellations, mob trots and general narcissistic silliness. ‘Political art’, taken to its extreme, became ‘no art’. No art at all, as Australia’s longest running literary festival collapsed under a mass walkout.

Perhaps Wim is trying to save the Berlinale from succumbing to the fate of those festivals that have become little more than a narrowing of the cultural imagination, where the concept of an arts festival as a space for free-ranging and diverse ideas, a place of vitality and originality that encourages disagreement and good faith debate, is being sucked down the sinkhole of a single monolithic ideology — one voice, one cause, one dissent.


Australia opens Sydney terror inquiry
Australia’s high-powered federal inquiry into December’s antisemitic terrorist attack at Sydney’s Bondi Beach began on Tuesday.

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced on Jan. 8 the launch of the Royal Commission to investigate the Dec. 14 shooting at a Chanukah event that left 15 dead and dozens wounded.

The Royal Commission—Australia’s most powerful type of government inquiry, which can compel individuals to give evidence—will be led by retired judge Virginia Bell.

The commission will examine the shooting, as well as antisemitism and social cohesion in Australia, and is expected to deliver its findings by December.

In her opening statement at a Sydney court on Tuesday, Bell said security arrangements for the event would be a major focus of the inquiry, according to Reuters.

“The commission needs to investigate the security arrangements for that event, and to report on whether our intelligence and law enforcement agencies performed to maximum effectiveness,” said Bell.
'A Timeline of Terror' | Sharri Markson previews new documentary on Bondi attack
Sharri Markson spoke with Ben Fordham today, providing an exclusive preview of her upcoming documentary on the Bondi terror attack.


Royal Commission into Bondi Beach massacre begins 72 days after the attack
Sky News host Chris Kenny says the Royal Commission into the Bondi Beach massacre has begun 72 days after the attack.

“It is now 72 days since Australia's worst terror attack, when 15 innocent people were slaughtered, and dozens more were injured at a Hanukkah event at Bondi Beach,” Mr Kenny said.

“The commissioner, former High Court Judge Virginia Bell, warned that the Commission will avoid examining the actual alleged criminal acts at Bondi because, while one of the gunmen, Sajid Akram, was killed by police on the day, his son, Naveed, who was also shot, survived, and is in custody awaiting murder and terrorism charges.

“The Royal Commission doesn't want to prejudice those proceedings.”




Trump Admin Sues UCLA For Creating ‘Antisemitic Hostile Work Environment’
The Trump administration sued the University of California on Tuesday, alleging that its Los Angeles campus created a "hostile work environment" for Jewish employees and "turned a blind eye to—and at times facilitated—grossly antisemitic acts."

"Swastikas, calls for the extermination of Jews and the Jewish state of Israel, antisemitic violence, and open harassment of Jewish students, faculty, and staff: this was the grim scene at the University of California Los Angeles," the Department of Justice's complaint read. Following Hamas's Oct. 7, 2023, attack, UCLA "systematically ignored cries for help from its own terrified Jewish and Israeli employees."

The suit represents the Trump administration's latest escalation in its battle with the University of California over campus anti-Semitism, having already frozen nearly $600 million of UCLA's federal funding. In August, the White House demanded UCLA, which saw one of the nation's largest anti-Israel protests, pay over $1 billion to resolve the dispute, but a federal court blocked the fine and restored the federal funding in recent months.

It's also the Trump administration's latest foray in its efforts to curb campus discrimination. Last month, it sued Harvard University for withholding race-related admissions data. Columbia University is still recovering from its battle with the federal government after it became the epicenter of anti-Israel and anti-Semitic campus protests in the wake of Hamas's attack.
Princeton invites a pseudo-scholar to promote the malevolence of Israel and Jews
Jews have been accused of harming and murdering non-Jews since the 12th century in England, when Jewish convert to Catholicism, Theobald of Cambridge, mendaciously announced that European Jews ritually slaughtered Christian children each year and drank their blood during Passover season.

That medieval blood libel, largely abandoned in the contemporary West, does, however, still appear as part of the Arab world’s vilification of Jews—now transmogrified into a slander against Israel, the Jew of nations.

But in the regular chorus of defamation against Israel by a world infected with Palestinianism, a new, more odious trend has shown itself: the blood libel has been revivified; however, in order to position Israel (and by extension Jews) as demonic agents in the community of nations, the primitive fantasies of the blood libel are now masked with a veneer of academic scholarship.

The fruits of this academic malpractice are used to further the ongoing campaign of the demonization of Israel, and the intellectual capital oozing out of campuses in the thrall of a neo-Marxist worldview of oppression and victimology has as its goal to substantiate Israel’s moral and existential inferiority in an attempt to make it a pariah in the world community.

Part of achieving that malicious objective is scholarship designed to disclose every real or imagined sinister aspect of Israel’s culture, society, politics and military, and to confirm that the Jewish state’s behavior is singularly perverse, sinister and murderous, and, since Israel’s incursion into Gaza after Oct. 7, those accusations have widened to include the charge of committing genocide in defending its state.

The charge of genocide against Israel in its behavior in Gaza is clearly not only odious but counter-factual, and the accusation, though hurled promiscuously and recklessly at Israel for the past two years, is baseless by any rational measure. That no actual genocide has occurred in Gaza, of course, has not stopped supposed scholars from reaffirming that libel in scholarly papers and in coursework, designed to be effective tools in the ongoing cognitive war against Israel.


Stephan Pollard: A British minister sucking up to a Hamas-apologist ‘ambassador’ is a nauseating spectacle
Last Friday the Middle East minister, Hamish Falconer, posted a video on his official ministerial channel.



These things are usually useful only as cures for insomnia. This one, however, is remarkable. It begins with Falconer standing outside the building rebranded as the “Embassy of Palestine” following the government’s recognition of Palestine last year. Fair enough; as the minister for the region, it’s hardly surprising he should be paying a visit.

But it soon becomes clear that this is not like any other ministerial visit to an embassy. To describe Falconer’s behaviour as that of a fanboy barely comes close. Within the first twenty seconds of the video we see him hugging Husam Zomlot, the Palestinian “ambassador”. It’s a full on, warm embrace that lingers, followed by gentle taps on the shoulder, and then the dainty patting of each other’s hands. We next see them sitting down inside, with Falconer grinning – is he giggling, even? – like a teen being introduced to Taylor Swift.

You don’t have to be a political strategist to work out what’s going on here. Labour is in a dogfight to hold on in the Gorton and Denton by-election. Nearly 30 per cent of the electorate there is Muslim, and Labour is pushing its recognition of Palestine hard. But while it’s one thing to have taken that decision – a decision that was based on Labour’s fear of losing the Muslim vote long before the by-election was called – the Middle East minister’s hero worship of Zomlot is on another level altogether.

Zomlot portrays himself as some sort of moderate when he is interviewed on the BBC, Sky and elsewhere. But his views are anything but moderate and conciliatory. In a recent interview with Piers Morgan, Zomlot said that Israelis have “genocidal genes” and that genocidal intent is “in Israel’s DNA”. He has repeatedly refused to condemn the Hamas massacre of over a thousand Israelis on October 7 2023, or indeed any Hamas atrocities. On the BBC’s HARDtalk he said that Hamas is merely “an outcome of the conflict” and that asking him to condemn October 7 is “double standards” and “racism”.

He is certainly consistent in his refusal to condemn the murder of Israelis; he refused to utter a word of criticism when seven Israelis were murdered outside a synagogue in 2023, a refusal he repeated when asked about it on Holocaust Memorial Day last year.

For Zomlot there is no such thing as Palestinian terrorism. In 2023 he told Sky that the word “terrorist” should not be used to describe Palestinians who murder, because they are the real “victims.”
Corbyn accused of ‘wild blood libel’ after claiming Israel harvesting Gazan organs
Jeremy Corbyn has been accused of spreading a “wild blood libel” after sharing claims made by the director of the Al Shifa hospital in Gaza about the harvesting of organs by the IDF from dead Palestinian women’s bodies.

Corbyn posted a video message on the Instagram account of the We Are The Peace organisation in which he said he had received a message from the hospital chief “last Thursday or Friday” in which he was told about the delivery of 60-70 boxes from the IDF “which contained the skulls of Palestinians and the bodies of dead women with removed organs.”

The former Labour leader said, “It’s hard to describe this,” as he confidently stated, “That is what is happening to the people of Palestine.”

But responding to the claims, IDF International Spokesperson Lieutenant Colonel Nadav Shoshani said: “What happened to fact-checking before spreading a wild blood libel?

“IDF soldiers haven’t been anywhere near the Shifa hospital in months! Jeremy Corbyn’s claims are completely false.

“The ’cause of our generation’ is double-checking claims and not believing journalists who spread crazy, baseless stories.

“The IDF operates in accordance with international law and strict internal directives that prohibit such conduct. The return of bodies to Gaza is carried out through international coordination and with the assistance of the Red Cross.”


The Green lie of hope
Watching Caroline Lucas and Zack Polanski in Brighton rally
For a moment I was with her completely and then I remembered when our memorial to the victims of October 7th was vandalised fifty times, she said nothing. When Green councillors tried to get it removed, she was absent. Our ritual, the community we built in grief, none of that mattered to her. Her empathy and compassion had limits. That jolt of that reality and the chasm of hypocrisy separated me from those all nodding along. This wasn’t my community and would never be.

The first question asked from the audience came from a twenty-something blonde woman who gently told us all that she had accidentally ended up in a “far-right march”. She had decided to speak to people and show them compassion and try to find common ground. Her voice cracked and broke and tears came as she recollected the conversations she had with these people who knew the billionaires were their real enemy. She wanted to continue this work of reaching those who’d been hoodwinked into hate. Lucas ran with it. The Greens are about love and hope and Reform are about hate and divisiveness.

I almost snorted in derision out loud and just caught it in time. These people just do not see their own darkness even as they elected a Deputy leader that called October 7 a “fight back” and embraced every antisemite and extremist they could find. Their sense of virtue is so strong that there is simply no chance of self reflection or awareness. I felt like I was having an out of body experience. They nodded and grunted in agreement from their £30 seats at the less fortunate being tricked by the far right into blind hate. Money does not make you wise.

I tried not to succumb to anger and left instead with disdain. The entire evening was filled with words like hope, community, love and empathy. Lucas said she sought nuance. It felt like manipulation. A fake smile to hide eyes full of contempt, an outreached hand while the other held a knife. None of this felt genuinely inclusive, because I knew the foundational hate they hold for Israel and anyone associated with the only Jewish State. I knew the people they welcomed into their tribe hated me and mine and would see us all dead.

Soon the Greens may become the only antizionist Party in the UK. Perhaps Lucas will be the death doula to her own organisation.

I will not mourn them.


Germany can no longer blame only the far Right for antisemitism
Although Berlin does not look like it did in 1933, for many Jews it feels uncomfortably close.

After October 7, antisemitism in Germany did not merely spike – it erupted. Jewish homes were marked. Israeli flags were torn down. Demonstrations celebrated the massacre under the language of “resistance,” while university campuses normalized slogans that erase the world’s only Jewish state.

Yet much of the political and NGO landscape clung to a narrow explanation: antisemitism, we were told, is primarily a far-right problem.

That assessment is no longer sufficient. Traditional far-right antisemitism does remain a serious and persistent threat – but it is no longer the only one.

Today, some of the most dynamic and socially tolerated forms of antisemitism emerge from Islamist ideology and segments of the radicalized far Left – rhetorically sophisticated, globally networked, and cloaked in the language of anti-colonialism and human rights. Israel becomes the metaphysical villain, “Zionism” becomes the permissible substitute for Jew.

Pointing this out disrupts Berlin’s moral equilibrium.

Large parts of the activist ecosystem have built their authority on the premise that antisemitism belongs to Germany’s nationalist past – not to contemporary progressive alliances.

After October 7, an Iranian former refugee and an Israeli Jew decided this analytical blind spot could no longer be ignored. We founded the ZERA Institute as an investigative project to map discourse, trace ideological convergences, and identify how anti-imperial rhetoric and Islamist theology reinforce hostility toward Jewish self-determination.


‘An enduring friendship’: India’s Modi to visit Israel mid-week
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will host India’s premier, Narendra Modi, for an official visit to Israel on Feb. 25-26, featuring ceremonies, private meetings and joint appearances in Jerusalem.

Modi is scheduled to arrive on Feb. 25 at Ben-Gurion International Airport, where he is to be welcomed by Netanyahu and his wife in an official reception ceremony, followed by a private meeting. Later that afternoon, the leaders will attend a reception at the Knesset, where they are scheduled to address the plenum.

In the evening, the prime ministers will tour an innovation event at the Waldorf Astoria in Jerusalem, followed by a formal dinner at the King David Hotel.

On Feb. 26, Netanyahu and Modi will visit Yad Vashem, where they will place a wreath in the Hall of Remembrance. The leaders will then hold an extended meeting at the King David Hotel, during which previously signed agreements will be formally exchanged.

Modi’s visit will conclude with a farewell ceremony at Ben-Gurion on Thursday afternoon.

Netanyahu told reporters at the start of the Cabinet meeting on Sunday that Modi’s visit was part of Israel’s broader vision to build alliances to counter both Shi’ite and Sunni Muslim radicalism.

The prime minister said Israel would seek to deepen economic, diplomatic and security cooperation with New Delhi, while also expanding partnerships with other Mediterranean, African, Asian and moderate Arab countries.

Netanyahu said that he was “personal friends” with his Indian counterpart, explaining: “We speak frequently on the phone and visit one another. I have visited India, and Modi has visited here.”

“The fabric of this relationship has grown tighter,” said Netanyahu. “He is coming here so we can tighten it further through a series of decisions related to strengthening the cooperation between our governments and countries, including economic, diplomatic and security cooperation.”


French animated short tells story of Jewish swimmer who survived Auschwitz
At first glance, Papillon (Butterfly), the 15-minute Oscar-nominated animated short by veteran French filmmaker Florence Miailhe, may appear like a meditative journey through water and memory. An elderly man swims in a hand-painted sea, flashing back to childhood memories of being bullied and a loving mother who makes it all right.

As he cuts through the water and moves through time, the fuller context emerges: The sun-soaked beaches appear to be North Africa, the boy becomes a champion swimmer, a swastika tells you that he is competing in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, and the soundtrack echoes with taunts of “Jew” and “kike.”

The film is based on the extraordinary real life of Alfred Nakache, a Jewish athlete whose story of resilience under Nazi persecution has previously been told in two French documentaries but is seldom remembered today.

Born in 1915 in French Algiers (his family immigrated from Iraq), Artem “Alfred” Nakache became one of France’s most celebrated swimmers in the 1930s, specializing in the butterfly stroke - a full-bodied lunge that looks like a bird, or butterfly, in flight. His success brought him to the 1936 Berlin Olympics, where he competed under the shadow of rising antisemitism in Nazi Germany (and was part of a freestyle relay team that didn’t medal, but finished ahead of the Germans).

Under Vichy, the Nazi puppet regime, Nakache was stripped of his French nationality and forced out of Paris. He joined the resistance underground while still competing for Vichy. On November 20, 1943, Nakache and his wife and daughter were arrested by the Gestapo, and the family was separated at Auschwitz. Only Alfred survived. He later endured the death march to Buchenwald before liberation.

Despite these unimaginable losses, Nakache returned to swimming after the war, competing at the 1948 London Olympics. (He, gymnast Agnes Keleti and weightlifter Ben Helfgott are the only known Jewish survivors to have competed in the Olympics after the war.)

Nakache remained a swimmer the rest of his life, and died of a heart attack after a swim in the sea near the Spanish-French border in 1983.


Israel honors missing fallen soldiers at annual Mout Herzl ceremony
The State Memorial Ceremony for Fallen Soldiers Whose Burial Place is Unknown took place at The National Memorial Hall on Jerusalem’s Mount Herzl in Jerusalem on Tuesday in the presence of numerous public officials.

Among those attending were Israeli President Isaac Herzog, Defense Minister Israel Katz and Deputy President of the Supreme Court Noam Solberg.

The memorial event takes place every year on the seventh of Adar, which, according to Jewish tradition, is the Hebrew date when Moses died, but whose place of burial is unknown.

The audience stood as a memorial flame was lit by Dalia Mizrachi, the daughter of 1st Lt. David Mizrahi, who fell during Israel’s War of Independence in an operation across Egypt’s border.

According to the IDF’s website, Mizrahi was captured with fellow soldier Ezra Afgin. They were both fighters in Dawn, Palmach’s undercover unit.

The two were caught and imprisoned in Gaza Prison on May 23, 1948. On Aug, 22, 1948, they were executed on charges of attempting to poison wells. They were killed by a firing squad. The execution took place at a grove north of the al-Rimal neighborhood in Gaza, the IDF said.

“Regarding the place where the soldiers’ bodies were buried, the information we have indicates that they were buried in Gaza, apparently where public buildings were later built,” according to the website.

“Their bodies haven’t been found to this day,” said the ceremony’s moderator.


Second Temple Period Workshop Discovered Near Jerusalem
A recently uncovered stone vessel production workshop east of Jerusalem is shedding light on craft production during the late Second Temple period (first century BCE–first century CE). Found in a cave on the eastern slopes of Mt. Scopus following the interception of antiquities thieves, the site contained hundreds of chalk limestone vessel fragments, unfinished cups and bowls, and substantial manufacturing debris—clear evidence of organized, on-site production.

Many of the vessels bear the marks of lathe-turning technology. Concentric grooves and symmetrical forms indicate that craftspeople shaped the stone vessels using a mechanical, spinning device. This method allowed for standardized cups and bowls to be produced with precision.

Four or five other vessel workshops have been found in Israel that date to the Roman period. The Mt. Scopus cave therefore joins a small but significant group of sites reconstructing an industry that may be connected to first-century Jewish life. In addition to these stone vessel workshops, ritual baths also proliferated in Jerusalem and throughout Judea and Galilee during the first century BCE and first century CE, suggesting heightened attention to purity in daily life.

Rabbinic purity laws further clarify the importance of stone vessels. The Mishnah (Kelim 10:1) states that stone does not contract impurity in the same way that pottery does. The late Second Temple period overlaps with the historical setting of the New Testament, where stone vessels are mentioned in John 2:6 at the wedding at Cana. Six stone water jars are described as being used for Jewish purification rites. Discoveries like the Mt. Scopus workshop provide tangible archaeological context for such references.

The workshop’s location adds further significance. Mt. Scopus lies along the natural northeastern approach to Jerusalem, historically used by travelers coming from Jericho, the Jordan Valley, and regions east of the Jordan River. Literary sources, including Josephus, describe military movements approaching the city from this direction during the First Jewish Revolt (66–74 CE). The scale of production suggests that vessels made in the cave were likely distributed beyond local residents, potentially serving pilgrims and other travelers arriving from the east.




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